Sensitive and specific potassium nanosensors to detect epileptic seizures

Sensitive and specific potassium nanosensors to detect epileptic seizures
a, Schematic showing the design of the K+ nanosensor. K+ indicators are incorporated inside the nanopores. The thin K+-specific filter membrane on the surface of the nanopores allows only K+ to be internalized. b-c, Chemical structure of the filter membrane. d-e, Schematic illustrations showing the hydration shells on potassium (K+ in red) and sodium ions (Na+ in purple) and sodium ions in deionized water. f-g, Schematic illustrations and calculated binding energy of the interactions between the filter membrane cavity and K+/Na+. Credit: IBS

Researchers at the Center for Nanoparticle Research, within the Institute for Basic Science (IBS, South Korea) in collaboration with collaborators at Zhejiang University, China, have reported a highly sensitive and specific nanosensor that can monitor dynamic changes of potassium ions in mice undergoing epileptic seizures, indicating their intensity and origin in the brain.

Epilepsy is a central nervous system disorder accompanied by abnormal activity, causing seizures or periods of unusual behavior, sensations, and sometimes loss of awareness. If epileptic seizures last for 30 minutes or longer, they can cause permanent brain damage or even death. The need of technologies to evaluate the degree of abnormal electrical activity associated with epilepsy is well known.

One of the main investigation targets is the potassium (K+) ion. This ion affects the difference in between the interior and exterior membranes of the neurons, and impacts the neuronal intrinsic excitability and synaptic transmission. Despite the significant efforts to improve the selectivity of K+ sensors, they are still far from satisfactory because currently available optical reporters are not capable of detecting small changes in potassium ions, in particular, in freely moving animals. Furthermore, they are susceptible to interference from sodium ions because Na+ influx is shortly followed by K+ efflux when impulses pass along the membrane of a nerve cell. In this study published in Nature Nanotechnology, the researchers report a highly sensitive and selective K+ nanosensor that can monitor the changes of K+ in the different parts of the brains of freely moving mice.

Sensitive and specific potassium nanosensors to detect epileptic seizures
a, In vivo experimental scheme for external potassium concentration sensing in a kindling-induced epileptic mouse model, in which repeated electrical stimulations increases the seizure severity. b-e, Simultaneous neural activity recording and fluorescent imaging of the mice at different epileptic seizure stages (b: seizure stage 3; c: seizure stage 5). Credit: IBS

The new nanosensor is created with porous silica nanoparticles shielded by an ultrathin potassium-permeable membrane that is very similar to the potassium channel in brain cells. The size of the pores allows only K+ to diffuse in and out, reaching a detection limit as low as 1.3 micromolar. This allows the specific readout of sub-millimolar variations of extracellular K+ and the spatial mapping of this ion in the brain.

This study successfully demonstrated that K+-permeable membrane filter on the nanosensor is effective at filtering out other cations and capturing K+ ions exclusively. Such a construction strategy would contribute not only to and breakthroughs in neuroscience research, but also to the development of other selective ion sensors.

Using these nanosensors in the hippocampal CA3 region, the team was able to report the degree of in living mice and compare it with the recordings of neural activity done with electroencephalography (EEG).

Sensitive and specific potassium nanosensors to detect epileptic seizures
a, Experimental scheme for simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) recording and K+ sensing in three different brain regions (hippocampus, amygdala, and cortex) of the epileptic mouse. b, c, Upon electrical stimulation of the hippocampus that resulted in different degrees of epileptic seizures, both the EEG recording and the nanosensor data show responses in amygdala and cortex. d, e, Graphs showing the seizure stage-dependent changes in the amplitude (d) and duration (e) of the nanosensor fluorescence signal in the three different locations of the mouse brain. Credit: IBS

To further check whether the nanosensors are capable of measuring K+ in multiple sub-regions of the brain in freely moving mice, the researchers injected the nanosensors into three different locations of the mouse brains: hippocampus, amygdala, and cortex. After the electrical stimulation at the hippocampus, the EEG and optical responses of the nanosensors at the injected locations were simultaneously recorded. Interestingly, the external K+ concentration increases from hippocampus to amygdala and cortex over time in focal seizures, while it increases almost simultaneously in the three brain regions in generalized seizures. These results are in good agreement with the widely accepted view that electrical stimulation in the hippocampus first involves the adjacent brain area and then propagates throughout the entire brain.

Hyeon Taeghwan, director of the IBS Center for Nanoparticle Research (Distinguished Professor at Seoul National University) and leading author of the study notes, "Further development of these nanosensors could facilitate diagnosis and therapy, decreasing the need for surgery. Ideally, these nanosensors could also carry antiepileptic drugs to be released in the right points of the brain where seizures originated."

More information: A sensitive and specific nanosensor for monitoring extracellular potassium levels in the brain, Nature Nanotechnology (2020). DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-0634-4 , nature.com/articles/s41565-020-0634-4

Journal information: Nature Nanotechnology

Citation: Sensitive and specific potassium nanosensors to detect epileptic seizures (2020, February 10) retrieved 29 March 2024 from https://phys.org/news/2020-02-sensitive-specific-potassium-nanosensors-epileptic.html
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